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Vietnamese was identified more than years ago [26] as part of the Mon—Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family a family that also includes Khmer , spoken in Cambodia , as well as various tribal and regional languages , such as the Munda and Khasi languages spoken in eastern India, and others in southern China. Demonstratives , Vietnamese grammar: Taiwanese Hokkien Teochew dialect. The North-Central varieties preserve three distinct pronunciations for d , gi , and r whereas the North has a three-way merger and the Central and South have a merger of d and gi while keeping r distinct. According to Ferlus , [52] in the Archaic Vietnamese period c.

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Chinese Korean Ecehop Vietnamese. American Sign Philippine Sign. Distinctive tonal variations teng during the subsequent expansion of the Vietnamese language and people into what is now central and southern Vietnam through conquest of the ancient nation of Champa and the Khmer people of the Mekong Delta in the vicinity of present-day Ho Chi Minh Cityalso known as Saigon.

Furthermore, there has also been a number of Germans studying Vietnamese due to increased economic investment in Vietnam. These movements have resulted in some small blending of the dialects, but more significantly, have made the Northern dialect more easily understood in the South and vice versa. Some consonant sounds are written with only one letter like "p"other consonant sounds are written with a digraph like "ph"and others are written with more than one letter or digraph the velar stop is written variously as "c", "k", or "q".

An example is 1 ,15 one thousand six hundred twenty-nine point fifteen. Language Power and Hierarchy: When a minor syllable occurred, the main syllable's initial consonant was intervocalic and as a result suffered lenitionbecoming a voiced fricative.

Akha Hani Laghuu Mantsi Hoa. The Vietnamese prefer writing numbers with a comma as the decimal separator in lieu of dots, and either spaces or dots to group the digits.

According to Ferlus[52] in the Archaic Vietnamese period c.

Vietnamese language

The resulting transformed phrase often has a different meaning but sometimes may just be a nonsensical word pair. However, some speech communities have preserved some of these archaic clusters: Words with tones belonging to a particular tone group must occur in certain positions within the poetic verse.

Sinitic Mandarin Taiwanese Mandarin Junhua. Vietnamese has traditionally been divided into three dialect regions: In Ecsshop poetry, tones are classed into two groups: After Vietnam achieved independence in the 10th century, the ruling class adopted Classical Chinese as the medium of government, scholarship and literature. In addition to the regional variation described above, there is also a merger of l and n in certain rural varieties most notably in the North:.

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The North-Central varieties preserve three distinct pronunciations for dgiand r whereas the North has a three-way merger and the Central and South have a merger of d and gi while keeping r distinct.

These fricatives were not present in Proto-Viet—Muong, as indicated by tjeng absence in Muong, but were evidently present in the later Proto-Vietnamese stage.

Generally, the Northern varieties have six tones while those in other regions have five tones. Vietnamese, like many languages in Southeast Asia, is an analytic language.

Each Vietnamese syllable is pronounced with an inherent tone[34] centered on the main vowel or group of vowels. This Middle Vietnamese is presumably close to the Hanoi variety as spoken sometime after but before the present.

This is true in Vietnam as well as in the overseas Vietnamese communities.

Langues et peuples viet-muong. Some borrowings nowadays, usually names, are multi-syllabic, for example, Campuchia Cambodia. Less educated speakers have [j] more consistently throughout their speech. Archived from the original PDF on March 4, General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Because a comma is used as the decimal separator, a semicolon is used to separate two numbers instead.

However, Vietnamese appears to have been heavily influenced by its location in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic areawith the result that it has acquired or converged toward characteristics such as isolating morphology and phonemically distinctive tonesthrough processes of tonogenesis.

Today, the latter format is still comprehensible by most VIetnamese. There is less internal variation within the Southern region than the other regions due to its relatively late settlement by Vietnamese speakers in around the end of the 15th century.